Train

train

VLocity passenger train, Australia, are at 160 km / h (100 mph).It's called a train or railway cars or wagons series connected to a locomotivethat usually run on rail tracks permanent freight or passengers from one place to another. However, there are road trains. The railroad can go by rail(conventional trains) or other means intended and designed for magnetic levitation. They may have one or more locomotives and can be attached at the top or push-pull configuration (one head and another in the queue) and wagons,or be motor, in which case the cars (all or some or just one) are self-propelled.Then varies as drive trains, mainly according to their use.According to the RITE (Operational Technical Rules) says that a train is the purpose of circulation by blocking sections called locomotive train all alone orcoupled, motorways, car engines and all that you are given an Order Departure.Then the classification can be of trains into two general categories: those driven by a motor and those of electromagnetic pulse, which is stillexperimental. While this cataloging depends on the circumstances and the technology used in the engine of the train because the train has gone through many facets of progress in world history, as discussed below, and even had a great influence on the development of many societies around the globe, their use and importance vary with the time you drop the analysis. The train has been an integral part of many nations and presented a great advantage in terms ofindustrialization, compared with countries that were and have been withouttransport included this factor in its history.

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Technological development of the train through history

This word or its equivalent, fascinating etymology, is almost the same in English, French, Dutch, Spanish or Italian. German and Scandinavian languages ​​gave zug, tag and tog, relatives of the verb to tug, which has the effect of drag. Today the train ptm would define as a vehicle, multiple, mechanically driven by circulating a railroad especially made for him.This has done more to transform the world and humanity than any other means of transportation from the boat became a ship. Continent has been for the boat which was for centuries for the oceans. Today we see cars everywhere and aircraft capable of flying over land and seas at high speed, but before the appearance of these two means of locomotion, the boat and then the train allowed the man to know first and then dominate the world.In a very close time someone invented the wheel. Shortly before another inventor discovered the possibility of guiding a vehicle. Both events took place probably in Mesopotamia.Possible sourceSteam locomotive passenger train (Earl Bathurst).It was one vehicle that had its path marked by the ruts on circulating. The tanks were dug parallel grooves on the streets of Ur The people soon realized that these filmed when they were deep, kept guided vehicles and not spoiled, by circulating the houses they passed along in the narrow streets of the cities that watered the Tigris and Euphrates. Later slabs were covered with muddy or dusty streets, leaving deliberately grooves that cars needed to follow a fixed path. Do not forget that the wagon wheel was then a recent invention, and its rear axle was not adjustable.The railroad was the product of the Industrial Revolution arose in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.A locomotive, which was added cars to transport people and cargo, are basically the parts that constitute a far rail.The bikes and trains have been subject to technological advances and example is the bullet train in Japan.The builder of the first locomotive -25 July 1814 - which derive later a railroad was Richard Trevithick.The original purpose of the locomotive was its use in coal mines, whose first show was managed to pull a load of forty tons at a speed of 6 km / h.In 1823 the English Parliament passed the Act that George Stephenson assured the ownership of a project whose purpose was to unite the people of Stockton and Darlington by rail.[Edit] RediscoveryIn the nineteenth century began to unfold in many European countries the remains of this extraordinary city empire and appeared perfectly drawn with its fortifications, splendid villas with a kind of central heating and running water, well-paved roads and stone paths enabled for the movement of carts with heavy loads. One of these pathways was found in the British Isles, just where would rise then Abbeydore railway station on the border between England and Wales.That was the time of the guided vehicle, but not fitted with rails of the road. The idea of ​​this should emerge when the means of deep ruts, were placed all along, tree trunks split in half to keep the wheels of the carts sank in the mud. These were the first rails. Undoubtedly, such a system spread across the regions where it rained a lot and a shortage of stone. The essence of the rail road is the existence of ridges on the road or on wheels. The stone paths were the rim of the shot. But when came the wheel flange-rail plan?

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high-speed train

3.9 LANDING GEAR AND BRAKES.

Landing gear is called the set of wheels, bearings, dampers and other equipment used for aircraft landing or maneuver on a surface. Although its name, the landing gear seems to suggest a unique role in this system actually has several functions: it serves as support aircraft, enables the movement of the plane surface (including takeoffs and landings), and cushions the shock of landing. The surface operations require landing gear steering and braking capabilities, and to cushion the landing should be able to absorb impacts of certain magnitude.3.9.1 Types of gear.To begin somewhere, first see the landing gear system according to the surface on which the airplane is going to unfold. Under this particular point of view, can be classified into: running gear (ground movement), trains with floats (adapted to water) and trains with skis (adapted to the snow). Some aircraft are able to ditch due to a keel boat from the lower fuselage.These systems are not incompatible, or an airplane can have floats or skis and still have the running gear. It is not uncommon for aircraft equipped with floats or skis also have their normal train rolling so as not to restrict only its operations to a single medium. In the latter case, it is common that a system is retractable to avoid interfering with the other.Since it is unusual for readers of these pages, like its author, enjoy the experience of ditch or take on skis, we'll stick to the widespread and routine running gear.3.9.2 Train rolling.The running gear consists of a main landing gear, designed to withstand the weight of the aircraft and absorb the impact of landing, and a secondary wheel well as providing a stable support to the aircraft may have directional capability.The main landing gear consists of two wheels located as close to the center of gravity of the airplane, usually in the fuselage up to the recess of the wings or directly below the wings, having shock absorbers, tubular or flat structures (crossbows ) or both, to absorb the shock of landing and shocks when rolling on rough terrain.The jockey wheel can be located in the tail of the plane, which is not very frequent, or more usually, under the nose of the plane.The two most common types of landing gear are the tail skid train and the train tricycle. The tail skid train consists of a main rail and a wheel or tail skid. This type of train was loaded on aircraft manufactured some years ago and its use currently limited almost exclusively to aerobatic planes, or engaged in spraying or firefighting efforts. In principle, instead of the tail wheel is mounted on a skid, which gave name to this type of train. The tail wheel usually has a turning radius of between 15 and 20 degrees on each side.The tricycle gear, is also composed of a main railway located in a position slightly behind that of tail skid, and a front wheel located under the nose of the aircraft, which has a damping device to prevent vibration during rolling. This type of train is the most widely used today because it has better operating characteristics on the ground that the type of tail skid: its geometry, forward visibility is better, and take-off and ground are made more easily. The turning radius of the front wheel is usually between 20 º and 30 º.

3.9.1 Types of gear.

To begin somewhere, first see the landing gear system according to the surface on which the airplane is going to unfold. Under this particular point of view, can be classified into: running gear (ground movement), trains with floats(adapted to water) and trains with skis (adapted to the snow). Some aircraft are able to ditch due to a keel boat from the lower fuselage.These systems are not incompatible, or an airplane can have floats or skis and still have the running gear. It is not uncommon for aircraft equipped with floats orskis also have their normal train rolling so as not to restrict only its operations to a single medium. In the latter case, it is common that a system is retractable to avoid interfering with the other.Since it is unusual for readers of these pages, like its author, enjoy the experience of ditch or take on skis, we'll stick to the widespread and routinerunning gear.

The two most common types of landing gear are the tail skid train and the traintricycle. The tail skid train consists of a main rail and a wheel or tail skid. Thistype of train was loaded on aircraft manufactured some years ago and its usecurrently limited almost exclusively to aerobatic planes, or engaged in sprayingor firefighting efforts. In principle, instead of the tail wheel is mounted on a skid,which gave name to this type of train. The tail wheel usually has a turning radius of between 15 and 20 degrees on each side.

The tricycle gear, is also composed of a main railway located in a positionslightly behind that of tail skid, and a front wheel located under the nose of the aircraft, which has a damping device to prevent vibration during rolling. This type of train is the most widely used today because it has better operating characteristics on the ground that the type of tail skid: its geometry, forward visibility is better, and take-off and ground are made more easily. The turning radius of the front wheel is usually between 20 º and 30 º.

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